Background: Childhood vaccination is considered the most cost-effective measure to prevent infectious diseases. Parental knowledge and attitude about vaccination are important factors that affect adherence to vaccine protocol.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude towards vaccination and the factors affecting them. Additionally, it seeks to identify adherence to vaccine protocols among parents in the Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2024 to July 2024. Data was collected using an online, self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed based on a review of relevant literature to assess the knowledge and attitude and adherence to vaccine protocols.

Results: Out of 400 Saudi Arabian parents, 56.5%(226) were females. Good knowledge of vaccination was found in 30.2%(121) of parents, while 29.3%(117) exhibited positive attitudes towards vaccination. Most parents (396;99.0%) reported their children received vaccinations, but 31.8%(127) admitted to delays in vaccination schedules. Significant predictors of good knowledge included younger age, female sex, widowed marital status, employment, and having younger children. Similarly, factors associated with a positive attitude towards vaccination were female sex, higher knowledge scores, and unemployed status.

Conclusion: Although most Saudi parents reported that their children received vaccinations, knowledge gaps and misconceptions about vaccination are present. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to improve vaccination knowledge and attitudes among Saudi parents.

Keywords:Infectious diseases, Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Immunization